From orthopaedic dictionary

Brayant's Traction: A Techninique for application of vertical skin traction for the infants and
young chilidren with femur fractures or congenital abdomalities of the hip.The Patient is supine,and hips are flexed to a right angle.See the picture below.

From orthopaedic dictionary

Osteopetrosis: A rare hereditary disease characterized by an increased density of bones. It appear to result from impaired osteoclast function .Radiographically,one sees increased opacity with loss of cortically –medullary differentiation as well as a widening of the diaphysis and metaphysis resulting in an Erlenmeyer flask deformity .Increased brittleness can result in a multiple fractures and loss of marrow space can cause anemia .A severe form of a disease is probably inherited as an autosomal dominant trait .Bone marrow transplantation has recently been used for treatment .Also known as AlbersSchonberg Disease




Osteoporosis- A common bone disorder characterized by decreased density of normally mineralized osteiod .The etiology includes involutional osteoporosis ,known as type I(or postmenopausal ), and Type II(or aged related).Osteoporosis can also have less common causes,e.g, a secondary symptom to disuse ,drugs, dietary deficiencies, chronic illiness,neoplasm,endocrine abnormalities, genetic disorders, and idiopathic problems found in adolescents and middle aged males. It is characterized by bone fragility (vertebral fractures, and colles’s fractures)

Osteomalacia- Disturbance in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus that results in impaired and decreased mineralization of osteiod (increased osteiod;prolonged mineralization rate, slurred mineralization front). A variety of underlying disorders may result on osteomalacia, including nutritional deficiency of vitamin D and other vitamin D disturbances, renal disorders, and congenital errors in metabolism.Patiencts generally present with diffuse bone pain, generalized weakness, and malaise.Radiographically, diffuse osteopenia is seen as noted or angular deformities on long-standing disease.

Low back pain/back pain

The device which can be used behind the chair can relieve backpain or alleviate the possibility of having it.After reading the causes of backpain below you will realise that among of the reason is those who do sit for long time .



Low Back Pain - What Increases Your Risk
Low back pain is often triggered by some combination of overuse, muscle strain, or injury to the muscles and ligaments that support the spine. Less commonly, low back pain is caused by illness or spinal deformity.
A risk factor is something that increases your chances of having back pain. More risk factors means you have a higher chance of having back pain.
Risk factors that you cannot change include:
· Being middle-aged (risk drops after age 65).
· Being male.
· Having a family history of back pain.
· Having had a previous back injury.
· Being pregnant. A woman's back is significantly stressed by carrying a baby.
· Having had compression fractures of the spine.
· Having had previous back surgery.
· Having spine problems since birth (congenital spine problems).
Risk factors that you can change with lifestyle changes or medical treatment include:
· Not getting regular exercise.
· Doing a job or other activity that requires long periods of sitting, lifting heavy objects, bending or twisting, repetitive motions, or constant vibration, such as using a jackhammer or driving certain types of heavy equipment.
· Smoking. Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to have low back pain.
· Being overweight. Excess body weight, especially around the waist, may put strain on your back, although this has not been proven. But being overweight often also means being in poor physical condition, with weaker muscles and less flexibility. These can lead to low back pain.
· Having poor posture. Slumping or slouching alone may not cause low back pain, but after the back has been strained or injured, bad posture can make pain worse.
· Being under stress. Stress and other emotional factors are believed to play a major role in low back pain, particularly chronic low back pain. Many people unconsciously tighten their back muscles when they are under stress.
· Having long periods of depression.
· Using medicines long-term that weaken bones, such as corticosteroids.
Source:www.webmd.com

Bilateral transtibial/transfemoral amputee!

As you see from the picture above is a bilateral transtibial amputee,how the Prosthetist will get the lenth of the prosthesis?to avoid having too long or too short prosthesis since this will bring a direct impact in Centre of Gravity during gait.So please if you have the idea on how to determine the actual length lets share with other in this village.